>> Glossary of Terms

A-1
Term used to signify a first class ocean vessel

ABANDONMENT
1) Proceeding where a carriers seeks authorization to stop service over all or part or its route/line or to give up ownership/control of cargo or vessel must be approved by the ICC in the case of motor or rail proceedings;
2) Shipper or consignee relinguishes damaged freight carrier or refuses to accept delivery;
3) In marine insurance giving up title to partly destroyed property to the insurers;
4) The act of relinquishing title to damaged or lost property in order to claim a total loss.

ABSOLUTE LIABILITY
Condition in which carrier is responsible for all liablilty and is not protected by the normal exemptions found in bill of lading or common law liability.

ABSTRACT
Abridgement of evidence omitting non-essential items; used especially in regulatory proceedings.

ACCEPTANCE
Acknowledged receipt by consignee of a shipment terminating the common carrier contract; a promise to pay, usually evidenced by inscribing across the face of the bill "accepted", followed by the date, the place payable, and the acceptor's signature

ACCESSORIAL CHARGES
Charges for supplementary services and privileges provided in connection with line-haul transportation of goods. These charges are not included in the freight charge and usually take the form of a flat fee.
Some examples are: pickup/delivery, in-transit privileges, demurrage, switching, loading/unloading, weighing, storage, inspection, grading, repackaging, biling, fabrication.

ACTUAL GROSS WEIGHT
The sum of the container weight, tractor pulling it, and the payload contained in it .

ACTUAL PAYLOAD
Actual weight of commodity being transported (actual gross weight minus tare weight).

AD HOC
Latin phrase meaning "for this"; in business used to indicate a single end or purpose, a onetime application e.g., an ad hoc investigating committee.

AD VALOREM
Latin Phase meaning "according to value"; freight rates set at a certain fixed percentage of the value of articles, e.g., the wholesale price of the articles, are known as ad valoren rates.

ADVANCED CHARGE
Freight or charge on a shipment that is advanced by one transportation company or another, or to the shipper, to be collected from the consignee.

ADVICE OF SHIPMENT
Notice to local or foreign buyer that shipment has occurred with details of packing, routing, etc; a copy of invoice is usually enclosed and sometimes a copy of the bill of lading.

AFFIDAVIT
Written statement which must be witnessed and sworn to before a notary public or other officer who has authority to administer oaths or affirmations.

AFLOAT
Commodities underway in water transit, either actually aboard vessels at sea or in port but yet unloaded.

AGENT
1) A person authorized to transact business for and in the name of another; 2) A broker

AGGREGATED SHIPMENTS
Several shipments from different shippers to a single consignnee, consolidated and treated as a single consignment.

ALL-COMMODITY RATE
Usually a carload/truckload rate applicable to multiple shipments which move at one time in one vehicle from the cosignor to one consignee; also as "freight-all-kinds" of FAK rates.
An all-commodity rate is established based on actual trasportaion cost rather than "Value of Service."

ALL-RISK INSURANCE
Name given to a policy which covers against loss caused by all perils except those which are specifically excluded in the terms of the policy. Ordinary policies name the perils specifically covered in the policy.

ALLOWANCE
Deduction from the weight or value of goods, allowed if a carrier fails to provide necessary equipment and that equipment is furnished by the shipper.

ALONGSIDE
Point of delivery beside a vessel; statement designated where the title to goods passes from party to another.

ALTERNATE ROUTING
Routing that is less desirable than the normal but results in identical terms.

AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING
Organization for classification of vessels, control of construction specifications and examination of seaworthiness.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TRAFFIC & TRANSPOR. (AST&T)
Examining and certifying organization which aims for professionalism in the traffic and transportation field.

AMERICAN TRUCKING ASSOCIATION (ATA)
National federation of the U.S. trucking industry comprised of 51 state trucking associations (including D.C.) and including independent conferences, each representing a special class/type of trucking operation.

AMERICAN WAREHOUSE-MEN'S ASSOCIATION (AWA)
Voluntary organization of warehouse-men established to assure high standards in the industry.

AMERICAN WATERWAY OPERATORS
A domestic water-carrier industry association representing barge operators on the inland waterways.

ARBITRAR
1) Charge in additon to regular freight charge to compensate for unusual local conditons;
2) Fixed amount accepted by a carrier when dividing joint rates.

ARRIVAL NOTICE
Notice the carrier sends to the consignee when a shipments has arrived.

AS CUSTOMARY
In a contact, this refers to the usual manner of performing a service without a time period specifed.

AS/IS
Term indicating that goods offered are without warranty/chaser has no recourse on vendor for quality of the merchandise.

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS
A railroad industry association that represents the larger U.S. railroads.

ATHWARTSHIP
A direction across the beam of a vessel.

AUDIT TRAIL
1) Path generated by a fully processed business transaction included orginal entry, transaction listings, file posting and report;
2) Management controls that document acceptance, handling and movement of materials through a warehouse;
3) Verfying summary accounts balances by analysis/inspection of underlying source documents and transaction records.

AUTHORITY
Operating rights granted by a motor carrier by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

AUTHORIZED CARRIER
Person/company authorized by the Interstate Commerce Commission to engage in the transportation of property as a common or contract carrier.

AXLE RATINGS
Rear axles on a truck generally carry three ratings; carrying capacity rated at the ground (gaw rating); total weight the axle is capable of carrying/pulling in service, gross combined weight(gcw rating);
The maximum horsepower limit the axle is capable of carrying in normal service (engine size rating)

BACKHAUL
1) Return transportation movement, usually at less revenue than the orginal move (headhual);
2) Movement in the direction of lighter traffic flow when traffic is generally heavier in the opposite direction;
3) To move a shipment back over part of a route already traveled.

BANKDRAFT
Bill of exchange drawn by one bank to another.

BARGE
The cargo-carrying vehicle used primarily by inland water carriers. The basic barges have open tops, but there are covered barges for dry and liquid cargo.

BARREL
Container of cylindrical shape made of wood, aluminum of steel which is longer than it is wide and has ends with equal diameters.

BARTER
To exchange goods or services without the use of money.

BASING POINT
Geographic point to which transportation rates are set so that rates to adjacent points can be constructed by adding to/deducting from the basing point rate.

BAUD RATE
Number of bits per second a computer is capable of sending/receiving, varies from 300 (teletypewriter) to 9600.

BAY
Area in a warehouse outlined by markings on colulmns or posts of floor to show specific boundaries; e.g., a 20-foot square.

BEAM
Greats widths of a ship's structure.

BENEFIT-COST RATIO
An analytical tool used in public planning; aration of total measurable benefits divided by the initial capital cost.

BILL OF LADING (B/L)
Principal transportation document by which a carrier acknowledges receipt of freights, describes the freight and sets forth a contract of carriage. Terms and conditions, responsibilities and liabilities vary with manner and place of use.
Bills of lading may be negotiable or non negotiable. Contents of the bill of lading were outlined originally in 1917. Every bill of lading must contain at least the following: 1) Date of issue, 2) Name of consignor, 3) Place of original consignment
4) Place of delivery, 5) Statement of whether goods are to be delivered to a specific person, 6) Description of goods/packages containing them, 7) Signature of carrier.
There are many kinds of bills of lading: Uniform Straight Bill of Lading, Short Form Uniform Straight Bill of lading, Ocean-Marine Bill of Lading, Air Bill of Lading, Express Bill of Lading, etc.

BLANKET RATE
A rate that does not increase according to the distance the commodity is shipped.

BOGIE
1) A assembly of two or more axles;
2) removable sets of rear axles and wheels used to support a van container.

BOLSTER
A device so fitted on a chassis or railcar so as to hold and secure the container.

BONA FIDE
Latin phrase meaning "in good faith", also used to mean real or true.

BOND
1) Obligation made binding by payment of a fee, which is lost if the contract is violated;
2) a binding agreement.

BONDED WAREHOUSE
Warehouse approved by the Treasury Department and under bond/guarantee for observance of revenue laws; used for storing goods until duty or goods are released in some other proper manner.

BOTTOM SIDE RAILS
Structural members located on the longitudinal sides of the base of the container.

BOX
1) Slang term for trailer or container for ocean carriers;
2) slang term used for truck transmission.

BOXCAR
An enclosed railcar typically 40 to 50 feet long; used for packaged freight and some bulk commodities.

BRACING
Securing a shipment inside a carrier's vehicle to prevent damage.

BRANCH LINE
Railroad line providing train service to one or more stations beyond a junction with the main line or another branch in the line.

BREAKBULK
1) To unload, sort and reload some/all the contents of a vehicle in transit;
2) to reduce a large shipment of a single commodity to many small shipments that are then dispersed to various buyers.

BRIDGE FORMULA
Formula used to determine maxium gross weight carried on any arrangement of consecutive axles.

BROKER
1) Agent who arranges interstate movement of goods by other carriers;
2) arranger of exempt loads for owner operators and/or carriers;
3) one who arranges the buying/selling of goods for a commission;
4) person who leases owned equipment to a carrier;
2) arranger of exempt loads for owner operators and/or carriers;

BULK CARRIER
Vessel engaged carriage of bulk commodities like petroleum, grain, or other which are not packaged, bundled, bottled, or otherwise packed.

BULKHEAD
1) Upright wall in trailer or rail car that separtes and stabilizes a load;
2) cargo restraining partition in a vehicle or vessel.

BULL RINGS
Cargo securing devices mounted in the floor of containers which provide for the lashing and securing of cargo.

BUSINESS LOGISTICS
The physical movement of goods from supply points to final sale to customers, and the associated transfer and holding of such goods at various intermediate storage points,
accomplished in such a manner as to contribute to the explicit goals of the organization.

BUYERS RIGHT TO ROUTE
When a seller does not pay for freight charges, the purchaser has the right to designate the route for shipment; seller is responsible for followiong the buyers instructions.
Complete routing is permitted for rail shipments, but only for the first carrier in motor shipments.

CAPACITY PLATE
Plate affixed to a forklift truck indicating maximum weight which can be raised/moved by that equipment.

CAPSTAN
Mechanical device for moving/raising heavy weights, used at docks in mooring vessel at rail terminals to move dead engines.

CAPTAIN'S PROTEST
Declaration by master of ship on arrival in ports to accidents/damaged to ship/cargo during voyage, designed to relieve shipowner of liability.

CARGO
Freight transported in a vehicle.

CARLOAD (C/L or CL)
1) Quantity of freight required to fill a rail car;
2) specified quantity neccesary to qualify a shipment for a carload rate.

CARRIAGE
That part of transportation service that is represented by actual movement of goods to a point of destination, after having been loaded but before being unloaded.

CARRIER
Individual, partnership or corporation engaged in the businesss of transporting goods or passengers, in most cases for a fee.

CARRIERS LIABILITY
Liability begins when goods are delivered at the proper place, and ends when the goods have been delivered to the consignee or when the carriers duty has been discharged according to terms of the freight contract.

CARTAGE
1) Charge for pickup/delivery of goods;
2) act of moving goods (usually short distance.

CARTEL
Group of industrial companies that agree to regulate output, divide markers and set prices at which to sell products; and illegal practice in the United States since it violates antitrust laws.

CASE MARK
Information shown on the outside of shipping carton, including destination and contents.

CASH IN ADVANCE (CIA)
Method of paying for goods where buyer pays seller before shipment of goods, employed when goods are built-to-order.

CAVEAT EMPTOR
Latin term meaning "let the buyer beware". Common law imposes on the buyer duty of examining a purchase, there is no recourse against seller because of the defects.

CAVEAT EMPTOR
Latin term meaning "let the buyer beware". Common law imposes on the buyer duty of examining a purchase, there is no recourse against seller because of the defects.

CBD (TERMS OF SALE)
Cash before delivery; seller assumes no risk and extends no credit because he is paid before shipment.

CELLULAR VESSEL
Ship constructed for transportation of containers stacked on top of each other in verticle guide shafts, no general freight is carried.

CERTIFCATE OF INSURANCE
Issued (usually on Form E or Form H) by an office of an insurance company to state agency or other party, stating the fact that the party named has insurance coverage in amounts/types; not a binding agreement.

CERTIFICATE OF MANUFACTURE
Documents used with letters of credit when drafts are paid/negotiated on presentation of a certificate stating that goods have been completed and are being held for shipment.

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN
Indicates country producing goods listed on it, required by customs officials; used to secure "most favored nation" treatment in foreign markets and for correct assessment of import duties.

CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY
The grant of operating authority that is given to common carriers. A carrier must prove that public need exists and that the carrier is fit, willing, and able to provide the needed service.
The certificate may specify the commodities to be hauled, the area to be served, and the routes to be used.

CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY
Document issued by maritime authorities indicating legal restriction of a ship.

CERTIFICATED CARRIER
A for-hire carrier that is subject to ecomonic regulation and that requires an operating certification or provide services.

CFR (COST AND FREIGHT)
Term used in ocean transportation meaning the price stated includes cost of goods and transportation charges to point of destination; insurance is normally not included.

CHASSIS
A trailer-type device with wheels constructed to accommodate containers enabling the load to be moved over-the-road.

CHEMTREC
Chemical Transporation Emergency Center; organization available on a 24-hour basis to provide emergency response information to anyone involved in hazardous chemical accidents.

CHOCK
A piece of wood or other material placed at the side of cargo to prement it from rolling about or moving sideways.

CIF (COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT)
Basis for quotation by seller that indicates seller will pay insurance and freight charges to destination only.

CLAIM
1) Demand on transportation company for payment, due to loss/damage of freight that occurred during transit;
2) demand on transportation copmany for refund or overcharge;
3) demand by individual/corporation to recover for loss under policy of insurance.

CLASS RATE
Rate for commodities grouped according to similar shipping characteristics, applies to numbered/lettered groups/classes of articles contained in the territiorial rating column in classification schedules.

CLAYTON ACT
An antitrust act of Congress making price discrimination unlawful; the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is the enforcement agency.

CLEARANCE
1) Customhouse certificate that ship is free to leave, all legal requirements having been met;
2) space of measurements above and beside tracks/highways.

CLEAT
Strip of wood/metal used to add additional strength, prevent wraping, keep in position.

COASTAL CARRIERS
Water carriers that provide service along coasts serving ports on the Atlantic or Pacific oceans or on the Gulf of Mexico.

COD TERMS OF SALE
Cash on delivery; buyer pays carrier the price of goods before they are delivered; seller assumes risk of purchaser refusing to accept goods.

COLLAPSIBLE CONTAINER
So fitted that the main parts are hinged or removable for the purpose of reducing its effective volume for transporting in an empty condition, thus making more efficient use of empty space.

COLLECT SHIPMENT
Shipment where collection of freight charges/advances is made by delivering carrier from the consignee/receiver.

COMMERCE
Buying, selling, trading and transportation of goods and services.

COMMERCE CLAUSE OF THE U.S. CONSTITUION
"...Congress shall have the power... to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states…", clause that gives authority to regulate interstate commerce.

COMMERCIAL INVOICE
Itemized list issued by seller/exporter in foreign trade showing quantity, quality, description of goods, price, terms of sale, marks/numbers, weight, full name/address of purchaser and date.

COMMISSION
Fee charged by brokers as compensation for their services in purchasing or selling commodities/securities at the direction of a customer.

COMMISSION
Fee charged by brokers as compensation for their services in purchasing or selling commodities/securities at the direction of a customer.

COMMITTEE OR AMERICAN STEAMSHIP LINES
An industry association representing subsidized U.S. flag steamship firms.

COMMODITY RATE
A rate for a specific commodity and its origin/destination.

COMMON CARRIER
Any carrier engaged in the interstate transportation of persons/property on a regular schedule at published rates and whose services are available to the general public on a for-hire basis; regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

COMMON COST
A cost that cannot be directly assignable to particular segments of the business but that is incurred for the business as a whole.

COMMON-CARRIER DUTIES
Common carriers are required to serve, deliver, charge reasonable rates, and not discriminate.

CONCEALED DAMAGE
When product in an apparently undamaged container is damaged; freight claims difficult to settle in such cases because neither shipper nor carrier wants responsibility.

CONCURRENCE
Document signed by carrier and filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission that verifies carrier participates in rates published in a tariff by a given agent.

CONFERENCE
1) Independent/autonomous organization within the American Trucking Associations Inc. (ATA) that represents a certain class/type of motor carrier;
2) association of shipowners servicing the same trade route who operate under collective conditions of carriage and tariff rates.

CONSIGN
1) Deliver formally to another;
2) send goods to purchaser, factor or agent to sell.

CONSIGNEE
Person who receives goods shipped from on owner (consignor).

CONSIGNOR
Person of firm that ships articles to customers (consignees).

CONSOLIDATION
Practice of combining less-than-carload (LCL) or less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments to make carload/truckload movements.

CONTAINER LOAD
A loading which does not utilize the full volumeric capacity of a container nor the maximum payload by weight and will permit additional part loads.

CONTAINER POOL
An agreement between transport carriers and/or container leasing companies which will permit the exchange of containers.

CONTAINER SHIP
Vessel with specially designed cellular structure for transport of containers.

CONTAINER-FREIGHT STATION (CFS)
Associated with consolidation depots where parcels of cargo are grouped and loaded into containers.

CONTAINERIZATION
1) Practice/technique of using box-like device to store, protect and handle a number of packages as a unit of transit;
2) shipping system based on large cargo-carrying containers (usually 20 or 40 feet in length) that can be interchanged between trucks, trains and ships without rehandling contents.

CONTRACT CARRIER
Carrier engaged in interstate transportation of persons/property by motor vehicle on a for-hire basis but under continuing contract with one or a limited number of customers to meet specific needs of each customer,
must receive authorization in the form of the Interstate Commerce Commision.

COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS
Groups of firms or individuals having common interests; agricultural cooperative associations may haul up to 25% of their total interstate tonnage in nonfarm, nonmember goods in movements incidental and necessary to their primary business.

COORDINATED TRANSPORTATION
Two or more carriers of different modes transporting a shipment.

COORDINATED TRANSPORTATION
Two or more carriers of different modes transporting a shipment.

COST AND FREIGHT (C&F)
Ocean transportation terms meaning price stated includes cost of goods and transportation charges to point of destination; insurance normally is not included.

COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT (CIF)
Basis for quotation by seller which indicates that seller which indicates that seller will pay insurance, and freight charges to destination only.

CUBE
Slang term for voume capacity of a van trailer.

CUBE OUT
When a container has reached its volumetric capacity before reaching the permitted weight limit.

CUBE RATE
Rate based on space instead of weight and used for light bulky loads.

CUBIC CAPACITY
Carrying capacity of a container according to measurement in cubic feet.

CUSTOMS BROKERS
Specialists in customs procedures who act for importers for a fee, licensed by Treasury Department.

CUSTOMS TARIFF
Schedule of charges assessed by the government on imported/exported goods.

DAMAGE CLAIM (FREIGHT)
Demand upon carrier to reimbursement for physical injury to shipment or because shipment was not delivered within reasonable time.

DATA PLATE
Sign attached to container giving details of weight/dimension/capacity.

DE FACTO
Latin phrase meaning "in fact", used to describe situation which exists regardless of any other condition.

DEAD WEIGHT TONNAGE (DWT)
Estimated number of tons of cargo a vessel can carry when loaded to a maximum depth, obtained by subtracting displacement "light" and "loaded" tonnage and expressed in long tons (2240 lb) or metric tons (1000 kg);
serve as basis for rates when vessels operate on time charters.

DEAD WEIGHT-TONNAGE (DWT) CARGO
Cargo of such a nature that a long-ton is less than 70 cubic feet.

DEADHEAD
One leg of a move with either a tractor alone or a tractor pulling an empty container.

DECLARED VALUE
1) Assumed value of shipment unless shipper declares higher amount, e.g., air freight declared value on most shipments has been 50 cents a pound or $50, whichever is greater;
2) process of stating lower value on a shipment to obtain a lower rate.

DEFERRED REBATE
Return of portion of freight charges by carrier/conference to shipper in exchange for shipper giving all/most shipments to carrier over a specified period of time (usually six months), payment of rebate is deferred for similar periods;
Note: system is illegal in U.S. foreign commerce but is generally accepted in ocean trade between foreign countries.

DELT NU ALPHA
Transportation fraternity.

DEMURRAGE
Penalty for exceeding free time (generally 48 hours) allowed for loading/unloading under terms of railroad/ocean tariffs; detention is used to mean the same thing for motor carriers.

DENSITY
Weight per cubic foot or kg, per cubic meter of space occupied by the article/dimensional weight.

DEREGULATION
Revisions or complete elimination of ecomomic regulations controlling transportation.
The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Rail Act of 1980 revised the economic controls over motor carriers and railroads, while the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 will eventually eliminate economic controls over air carriers.

DERIVED DEMAND
The demand for transportation of a product is derived for the demand for the product at some location.

DESICCANT
Material that absorbs moisture by physical/chemical action, e.g., calcium chloride; desicants are included in packages to keep contents from suffering moisture damage.

DEVANNING
The discharging of cargo from a container.

DIFFERENTIAL
1) Amout added to/deducted from base rate to make rate to/from some other point or via another route;
2) part of power train of vehicle containing gear that convert rotation of drive shaft to turn wheels/axles.

DISCRIMINATION
Difference in rates not justified by costs; e.g., two shipments move under same circumstances but for different charges.

DISPATCHER
Person who schedules/controls truck pickups/deliveries, e.g. assigns drivers/vehicles to jobs, records departures/return times, investigates overdue vehilces, issues equipment, establishes routes.

DISPLACEMENT TONNAGE
Weight in long tons of water displacement by capacity of vessel and its cargo.

DISTANCE RATE SYSTEMS
Based on tapering rate principle in shich rates increase with distance but not as fast as distance itself, distance rates are often established for key points.

DISTRIBUTION WAREHOUSE
A warehouse that stores finished goods and from which customer orders are assembled.

DIVERSION
Change made in consignee, destination, route of shipment while in transit.

DOCK
1) Area at warehouse/manufacturing plant where goods are loaded, unloaded and sorted;
2) slip/waterway between two projections to receive vessels while taking on/discharging cargo/passengers.

DOCK RECEIPT
A steamship company form, evidencing receipt of the goods at a pier. Copies of this form are made available to shippers as a means of expediting handlilng at piers.
The dock receipt controls the ownership of the goods until the ocean bill of lading is issued.

DOOR-TO-DOOR
Through transportaion of a container/trailer and its contents from consignor's loading facility to consignee's unloading facility.

DOT
Department of Transportation.

DOUBLE-STACK
Railcar movement of containers stacked two high.

DRAFT (BILL OF EXCHANGE)
Terms used interchaneably, bill of exchange is instrument drawn by one person ordering second person to pay defintie sum of money to third person on sight (slight draft) or at defintie future time (time draft).

DRAFT (VESSEL)
Depth of water necessary to float a vessel.

DRAWBACK
Refund of customs duties paid on material imported and later exported.

DRAYAGE
Transportation of freight by truck, primarily in local cartage.

DROP SHIPMENT
Shipment sent directly from manufacturer to retailer/industrial customer, even though ordered through wholesaler who takes title to goods and usual wholesale discount.

DUAL OPERATION
A motor carrier that has both common and contract carrier operation authority.

DUAL-RATE SYSTEM
An international water carrier pricing system where a shipper signing an exclusive-use agreement with the conference pays a lower rate (10 to 15 percent) than nonsigning shippers for an identical shipment.

DUNNAGE
Cardboard, lumber or other filler material used to stabilize shipment, does not include packaging.

DUTY
Tax levied by government on import/export consumption goods.

EDI
Electronic Data Interchangeable.

EMBARGO
1) When freight is not accepted at certain points of via certain routes for particular destination because of some emergency/problem at destinations;
2) detention of vessels in port by order of government, usually issued in time of war/hostilities.

EQUIPMENT INTERCHANGE RECEIPT (EIR)
Form used by parties delivering/receiving containers/container equipment, used for equipment control and damage purposes.

ESTOPPEL
Legal document used in court of law to establish liablity.

ETA
Estimated time of arrival.

ETD
Estimated time of departure.

ETIOLOGIC AGENTS
As defined in the Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR, viable microorganisms or their toxins, which cause/may cause human disease.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)
Common Market Nations of Europe.

EX
Prefix meaning "out of" or "from", used in conjuction with noun of location, means all charges for transportation and risks of loss/damage are chargeable to account of buyer when goods are delivered to carrier at "ex" location.

EXCEPTION RATE
A deviation from the class rate; changes are made to the classification.

EXCLUSIVE USE
Carrier vehicles that are assigned to a specific shipper for its exclusive use.

EXEMPT CARRIER
Motor carrier engaged in for-hire transportation of commodities exempt from economic regulation by ICC under provision Interstate Commeric Act, generally agricultural commodities or seafood.

EXPEDITING
Moving shipments through regular channels at accelerated rate, an example of dispatching less-than-truckload (LTL) quantities on a single truck for quick delivery.

EXPLOSIVES
As defined in the Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR, and chemical compund, mixture or device, the primary or common purpose for shich is to function by explosion, within the explosives definition,
there are further divisions into Class A, B, C and Blasting Agents.

EXPORT DECLARATION
A document required by the Department of Commerce that provides information as to the nature, value, etc., of export activity.

EXPORT LETTER-OF-CREDIT
When importer has arranged with bank for letter-of-credit financing of purchases, he applies for issuance of individual letters of credit to cover purchase contracts as made.

EXPORT LICENSE
Certificate granting holder permission to export goods.

FACTOR
Agent appointed to sell goods on commission, also known as a commission merchant.

FAIR MARKET VALUE
Sum that sale of article would bring under ordinary market conditions.

FAK
Freight All Kind.

FCL
Full container Load. The maximum permissible wieght for the value of the cargo carried in a container.

FDA
Food and Drug Adminstration.

FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (FHWA)
Division of U.S. Department of Transportation in charge of nation's highway system which administers federal aid from highway construction, develops safety standards/programs and has jurisdiction over safety of commercial motor carriers engaged in
interstate/foreign commerce.

FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION
A regulatory agency that controls services, practices, and agreements of international water common carriers and noncontiguous domestic water carriers.

FEDERAL REGISTER
Government publication that prints rules/regulations of federal agencies on a daily basis; rules and regulations must be published to become legal in most cases.

FEEDER
In Intermodal context, a pickup/delivery vehicle/ship.

FEEDER SERVICE
Coastal movements of loaded/empty containers on board smaller container vessels which coordinate with a "mother ship" for the ocean voyage.

FIFO
First In, First Out; Warehousing term meaning first items stored are the first used.

FILING OF TARIFFS
Requirements that tariffs/supplements/reissues/other schedules be in the hands of the regulating body (ICC, for example) at specified time prior to effective date.

FISCAL YEAR
Annual period established for accounting purposes in business or government, may start at any time in calendar year.

FLAG-OF-CONVENIENCE
A shipowner registers a ship in a nation that offers conveniences in the areas of taxes, manning, and safety requirements: Liberia and Panama are two nations known for flags of convenience.

FLAMMABLE LIQUID
As defined in the Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR, any liquid having a flash point below 100 degrees F except liquids which meet definition of compresssed gas or that are part of a mixture where other components with flash points above 100
degrees F make up at least 99% of the mixture.

FLAMMABLE SOLID
As defined in the Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR, any solid material, other than an explosive, which under conditions incidental to transportation is liable to cause fires through friction, retained heat from manufacturing/processing or
which can be ignited readily.

FLASH POINT
Minimum temperature at which substance gives off flammable vapors which will ignite when they come in contact with spark or flame.

FLASH VESSELS
Feeder LASH vessels, which are shallow-draft vessels suitable to carry 8 to 15 LASH barges at a time, towed by seagoing vessels.

FLAT-RACK CONTAINER
A container with no sides and frame members at the front and rear of the container. Container can be loaded from the sides and top.

FLATBED
Trailer with level bed and no sides or tops.

FLOOR LOAD RATING
Weight that can be safety supported by floor expression in pounds per square foot.

FOB
Free on board.

FOB DESTINATION
Freight cost paid to point of destination, title transfers at destination.

FOB FACTORY
Title to goods and transporation responsibility transfers from seller to factory.

FOB VESSEL
Title/transportation costs transfer after goods are delivered on vessel, all export taxes/costs involved in overseas shipments are assessed to buyer.

FOOTPRINT
Slang term for amount of tire tread on the ground.

FOR & AFT
The direction on a vessel parallel to the centerline.

FOR-HIRE CARRIER
A carrier tlhat provides transportation service to the public on a fee basis.

FORCE MAJEURE
Condition in contract that relieves either party from obligation where major unforseen events prevent compliance with provisions of agreement.

FOREIGN TRADE ZONES
Goods subject to duty may be brought into such zones duty-free for transshipment/storage/minor manipulation/sorting; duty must be paid when/if goods are brought from zone into any part of United States.

FORKLIFT
Freight/materials handling vehicle used in loading/unloading heavy freight.

FORWARDING AGENT
Firm specializing in shipping goods abroad, payments made for insurance and other expenses are charged to foreign buyer.

FREE ALONG SIDE (FAS)
Selling term in international trade when selling party quotes price including delivery of good along side overseas vessel at exporting port.

FREE ON BOARD (FOB)
Loaded aboard carrier's vehicle at point where responsibility for risk/expense passes from seller to buyer, e.g., FOB Detroit.

FREE TIME
The amount of time allowed by a carrier for the loading or unloading of freight at the expiration of which demurrage or detention charges will accrue.

FREIGHT BILL
The carrier's invoice for transportaiton charges applicable to a freight shipment.

FREIGHT FORWARDER
1) Individual/company that accepts less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments and consolidates then into truckload lots on for-hire basis for shipper's;
2) agent who helps expedite shipments by preparing necessary documents/making other arrange-ments for moving of freight;
3) designated as a common carrier under the Interstate Commerce Act.

FREIGHT IN BOND
Goods shipped under control/ownership of Government until duty is paid.

GATEWAY
Point at which freight is interchanged/interlined between carriers or at which carrier joins two operating authorities provision of through service.

GAUGE (GAUGE OF TRACK)
Distance between head of rails, measured at right angles at point 5/8-inch below top of rail, standard gage is 4 ft. 8 1/2 in., narrower gage is frequently employed in construction/scenic areas.

GBI
Government bill of lading.

GENERAL CARGO
Term applying to ship's loading comprising a variety of goods/articles and not confined to a single commodity.

GONDOLA
A railcar with a flat platform and sides 3 to 5 feet high; used for top loading of items that are long and heavy.

GOOSENECK
The front rails of the chassis that raise above the plane of the chassis and engage in the tunnel of a container.

GRANDFATHER CLAUSE
1) Allows firm that has been doing business in an area to continue, despite new regulations that might ordinarily preclude operation;
2) used by Interstate Commerce Commisions to grant authority to carrier to operate over routes where it or a predecessor was in bona fide operation on June 1, 1935.

GROSS WEIGHT
The combined weight of a container, its payload and any other loose interanal fittings.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Substance/material determined and designated by Sec. of Transportation to be capable of posing unreasonable risk to health, safety and property when transported in commerce.

HIGH CUBE
Any container which exceeds 8'6" (102 inches) in height.

HIGHWAY CARRIERS
Divided into following classes; regular route (line haul) long-haul/transcontinental carriers, regular route (line haul) short-haul carriers, irregular route carriers, specific commodity carriers, intrastate carriers,
interstate carriers and local cartage/pickup/distribution carriers.

HUNDREDWEIGHT (CWT)
The pricing unit used in transportation; a hundredweight is equal to 100 pounds.

I.S.O.
Organization for International Standards.

IBID
Latin term meaning "in the same place".

IN BOND
Storage of goods in custody of governmental/bonded warehouse or carrier from whom goods can be taken only upon payment of taxes/duties to appropriate government agency.

IN TRANSIT
Load proceeding along route between home terminal and destination point.

INCENTIVE RATE
A rate designed to induce the shipper to ship heavier volumes per shipment.

INDEMINIFY
To compensate/repay for lose sustained.

INDLAND CARRIER
A transporation line which hauls export or import traffic between ports and inland points.

INFLATABLE DUNNAGE
Flexible bags usually made from vinyl material, which can be inflated within the void spaces of a container/trailer to prevent movement of cargo.

INSURANCE
Contractual relationship which exists when one party, for a consideration, agrees to reimburse another for loss caused by designated contingencies; first party is insurer, second is insured, contract is insurance policy, consideration is premium, property
in question is risk, contingency in question is hazard/peril.

INTEGRATED TOW BARGE
A series of barges that are connected together to operate as one unit.

INTERALIA
Latin phrase meaning "among other things".

INTERCHANGE
Process of passing freight from one carrier to another between lines.

INTERCOASTAL CARRIERS
Water carriers that transports freight between the east-coast and west-coast ports usually by way of the Panama Canal.

INTERLINE FREIGHT
Freight moving from origin to destination over lines of two or more transporatation lines.

INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION
Using more that one mode to deliver shipment, e.g. trailer on flatcar (TOFC0 or container on flatcar (COFC).

INTERNAL WATER CARRIERS
Water carriers that operate over the internal, navigable rivers such as the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri.

INTERSTATE
Means between states, applies to transportation of goods/persons from point in one state to point in another, between point in same state but passing withing/through another state enroute, between points in US and foreign countries.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE
Business of exchanging goods between buyers and sellers of two or more states.

INTRA
Latin term meaning "within"

INTRASTATE COMMERCE
When all business between buyers/sellers is carried on within state.

IRREGULAR-ROUTE CARRIER
A motor carrier that is permitted to provide service using any route.

IRRITATING MATERIAL
As defined in the Hazardous Materials Regulation in 49 CFR, liquid or solid substance which upon contract with fire or when exposed to air gives off dangerous or intensely irritating fumes; does not include any material classed as Poison A.

JOINT RATE
Agreed upon by two or more carriers, published in a single tariff and applying between point on line of one and point on line of another, may include one or more immediate carriers in route.

JUST-IN-TIME
Umbrella term including elements of both Kanban and MRP II systems; used in contrast to older just-in-case practices of large inventories/stockpiles.

KANBAN
Japanese word, translated "visible record," for manufacturing control system in which supplies deliver needed parts to assembly line "just in time" for use, e.g., parts are not stocked; affects purchasing, materials manaagement, inventory control and
production management. Paper carads are used for recordkeeping/control. Pronounced "conbon", term is primarily associated with Toyota, but has become a generic term in the USA.

KICKBACK
Rebate, usually given to person who is in position to purchase/order transportation service for his/her firm.

KNOT
Unit of speed ---Nautical mile per hour.

LAND BRIDGE
Intermodal system of getting international cargo across intervening continent from one seacoast to another by special through trains.

LANDED COST
Total expense of receiving goods/merchandise at place of retail sale including retail purchase price and transportation charges.

LANDING GEAR
Device that supports at end of semitrailer when not attached to tractor.

LASH
Lighter-Aboard-Ship vessels that carry barges. They are equipped with an overhead crane capable of lifting LASH barges and stowing them into cellular slots in athwartship position.

LASHING
Rope/wire used to secure two objects together by binding.

LAST IN, FIRST OUT (LIFO)
Accounting method of valuing inventory that assumes latest goods purchased are first goods used during accounting period, opposite of first in, first out (FIFO).

LAY TIME
Period of time in which ship is loaded/unloaded and for which no demurrage is charged.

LAZARETTO
Quarantined area for fumigating goods that might be carring insects/dangerous germs.

LCL
Less than carload; term refers to load weighing less than amount necessary to apply carload rate charged by railroads for transportation.

LEAD TIME
The total elapsed time between order placement and order reciept. Includes time required for order transmittal, order processing, and preparation, as well as time in transit.

LEGAL WEIGHT
Weight of goods and interior packing, but not the container's weight (term used commonly in foreign trade). A maximum weight limitation for a total highway unit; this maximum is established by highway authorities, which, if exceeded, may subject carriers
to fines or impounding of vehicles.

LESSEE
Party, firm or corporation with legal possession/control of vehicle (with/without) driver or other equipment owned by another under terms of lease agreement.

LESSOR
Party, firm or corporation granting legal use of vehicle (with/without driver) or other equipment to another party under the terms of lease agreement.

LETTER OF CREDIT (L/C)
Method of payment for goods in which buyer establishes credit with local bnk, clearly describing goods to be purchased, price, documentation required and time limit for completion of transaction; upon receipt of documentation, bank is either paid by buyer
or takes title to goods and transfers funds to seller; may be revocable or irrevocable.

LIFT-ON/LIFT-OFF (LO/LO)
Carriage of containers on decks or on flatracks of water vessels.

LIGHTER
Flat-bottomed boat, usually moved by tugs but can also be steam-powered, used to transfer freight between cars, piers and vessels.

LINEHAUL
Movement of freight between cities, usually more that 1000 miles, not including pickup and delivery service.

LINER
Ocean vessel engaged in carriage of general cargo (including passengers) along definite route on fixed schedule.

LINER SERVICE
International water carriers that ply fixed routes on published schedules.

LIVE AXLE
Axle driven by engine as compared to dead axle which only follows as pulled.

LLOYD'S REGISTER
Yearly document issued by Lloyd's containing tonage, age, build, character and condition of registered ships.

LOAD DISPLACEMENT
Vessel's load capacity according to structure displacement.

LOADING LINE
Guide on ship indicating to what depth it has sunk with lading, serves as safety factor.

LONG TON
Equivalent to 2240 pounds or 20 long hundred weights, also called gross ton.

LONGSHOREMAN
Person employed on wharves of port to load/unload vessels.

LOSS AND DAMAGE (L & D)
Usually applied when loss/damage is discovered when package is delivered.

LTL
Less that truckload; terms refers to less than quantity of freight required to apply truckload (TL) rate charges by motor carriers for transportation. A shipment weighing less that the minimum weight needed to use the lower truckload rate.

LUFFING
Angular movement of crane in vertical plane.

MAJOR CARRIER
A for-hire certified air carrier with annual operating revenues of $1 billion or more; carrier usually operates between major traffic centers.

MANDAMUS
Writ issued by court requiring specific actions to be taken.

MANIFEST
1) Documents signed by master of ship setting forth description/destination of goods shipped;
2) listing of shipments in load by pro number/consignee/destination/weight.

MARINE REGISTRY
Listing vessel under name of nation whose flag it flies; shipowners often register under most favorable/lenient flags.

MARITIME
Commerce/navigation at sea or in seaports.

MARITIME ADMINISTRATION
A U.S. Government agency that promotes the merchant marine, determines ocean ship routes and services equipment, and awards maritime subsides.

MAXIMUM CUBE
A level of cube utilization that closely approximates the stated cubic capacity of a container.

MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT
Weight of a container and its payload.

METRIC TON
Measure of weight equal to 1000 kilograms, or about 2200 pounds, symbol is T, also called Tonne.

MOTOR CARRIER ACT OF 1980
Act of Congress that initiated deregulation of for-hire trucking.

MOTOR COMMON CARRIER
Entity holding itself out to general public to provide motor vehicle transportion for compensation over regular or irregular routes, or both.

MRP II
Manufacturing Resources Planning System of manufacturing controls using computers; as in Kanban, system affect purchasing, materials management, inventory control and production management- as well as peripheral manufacturing activites
(older meaning of MRP is "materials requirements planning", Roman numeral II was added to flag change.)

MULE
1) Small vehicle used for moving two-axle dollies;
2) Yard tractor or hostler.

MULTIMODAL
Using more than one mode of transportation to move loads of goods, e.g., truck, train, ship, usually for imported/exported goods.

NEGLIGENCE
Failure to exercise degree of care demaded by law.

NESTING
Fitting one article of cargo inside the other to economize space.

NET
Figure/totals remaining after all charges/deductions have been subtracted.

NET TARE WEIGHT
The weight of an empty container plus any fixtures permanently attached.

NET TON
2000 pounds.

NET TON-MILE
Movement of ton of freight one mile.

NET TONNAGE (VESSEL)
Gross tonnage minus deductions for space occupied by crew quarters, machinery for navigation, engine room & fuel.

NET WEIGHT
1) Weight of article without packing and container;
2) Weight of entire contents of vehicle.

NODE
A fixed point in a firm's logistics system where goods come to rest; plants, wharesouses, supply sources, market destination.

NOI
Not otherwise indexed.

NON-VESSEL OPERATING COMMON CARRIER (NVOCC)
Cargo consolidator of small shipments in ocean trade, generally soliciting business and arranging for/performing containerization functions at the port.

NOS (NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED)
Abbreviation indicating an article in general class in consolidated freight classification.

NOSE
Front of the container.

NOTICE OF ARRIVAL
On arrival if freight at destination, notice is promptly sent to consignee showing number of packages, description of articles, route, rate, weight, car inititial and number,
amount of frieght charges' station where delivery will be made and time allowed for removal before demurragel/storge charges accure.

OFF ROUTE POINTS
Points located off regular route highways of line-haul carriers, generally served only on irregular schedules.

ON THE BERTH
Term denoting that ship is ready to load/discharge cargo.

OPEN ACCOUNT (O/A)
Manner of supplying credit by charging good/services to purchaser's account, payment for which is made at future date.

OPEN INSURANCE POLICY
Form of insurance covering shipment for specifed time or stated value and not limited to single shipment, most often used in marine insurance.

OPEN-END LEASE
Lessee guarantee lessor will realize minimum value from sale of equipment at end of lease period.

OPERATING AUTHORITY
Routes, points and types of traffic that may be served by carrier, authority is granted by state of federal regulatory agencies.

OPERATING RATIO
Comparison of carrier's operating expenses with gross reciepts; income divided by expenses.

OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR)
Reading of data scanning location or shape of data on document.

OPTIMUM CUBE
The highest level of cube utilization that can be achieved when loading cargo into an ocean-freight container.

ORDER BILL OF LADING
Contains four distinguishing feature: 1) goods are consigned to order of party named in bill of lading;
2) Name and post office address is of party to notify on arrival of consignment at destination must always be written on bill;
3) Negotiable documents most frequently used when shippers wish to collect for value of shipments prior to delivery;
4) printed on yellow paper to make it readily distinguishable.

ORDINARY LIVESTOCK
Defend in Interstate Commerce Act as "all cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses and mules, exept such as are chiefly valuable for breeding, racing, show purpose and other special uses."

OS & D
Over, Short, and Damaged; report issued at warehouse when goods are damaged, used to file claim with carrier.

OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

OUTAGE
Empty space in container/drum to accommodate natural expansion, density change, etc., due to temperature change.

OVER-THE-ROAD
A motor-carrier operation that reflects longdistance, intercity moves; the opposite of local operations.

OVERAGE
Freight in excess over quantity belived to have been shipped, or move than quantity shown on shipping document.

OVERHEIGHT CARGO
Cargo stowed in an open-top container that projects above the uppermost level of the roof struts.

OWNER'S RISK
When owner of goods remains responsible during shipping, relieving carrier of part of risk.

OWNER-OPERATED
Driver who owns and operates his own truck; he may be a common carrier; contract carrier or exempt carrier; contact carrier, such contractor may lease rig/driver to another carrier.

OXIDIZING MATERIAL
As defend in the Hazardous Material Regulations in 49 CFR, any substance that yeilds oxygen readily to stimulate combustion of organic matter.

PACKING LIST
List showing merchandise packed and all particulars, normally prepared by shipper but not necessarily required by carriers; copy is usually sent to consignee to assist in verifying shipment received.

PALLET
1) Load board with two decks separted by bearers or single deck supported by bearers constructed for transport/stacking and and with overall height reduced to minimum compatiable with handling by forklift/pallet trucks;
2) Platform used for unitizing loads for storage/shipping, standard pallet is 48x40x51/2 inches usually made of wood.

PALLETIZATION
System for shipping goods on comparatively lightweight, double-decked wooden platforms called pallets; permits shipments of multiple units as one unit.

PAYLOAD
In freight transportation, profitable cargo.

PER
Latin word meaning "by"; mean of; according to

PER DIEM
Latin term meaning "by the day"; daily charge by rail carriers for use of railcars by any other rail carriers

PERFORMANCE BOND
Bond executed in connection with contract securing performance/fulfillment of terms.

PERISHABLE FREIGHT
Commodities subject to rapid deterioration or decay (fresh fruits and vegetables, dairy products, meats, fish) which require special protective services intransit like refrigeration, heating, ventilation.

PERMITS
Authority granted by ICC to contact carriers by motor vehicle or water & freight forwarders to operate in interstate commerce.

PHYSICAL DISTRUBUTION
Broad range of activities involving efficient movements of goods from source of raw materials through production to consumer; activities include warehousing, material handling, packaging, order possessing, freight transportation and other activities.

PIER
The structure to which a vessel is secured for the purpose of loading and unloading cargo.

PIER-TO-HOUSE
A shipment loaded into a container at the pier or terminal then exported directly to the consignee's designated area for unloading.

PIER-TO-PIER
Containers loaded at port-of-loading and discharged at port-of-destination.

PIGGYBACK
Intermodal transportation system where trailers/containers are carried on railcars; essentially joint carrier movement in which motor carrier performs pickup/delivery operation to rail terminal as well as delivery operation at terminating railhead.

PIGTAIL
Slang term used for cable used to transmit electrical power to trailer.

PILFERAGE
Taking property of others: in transportation, usually consists of breaking into cartons/containers and removing items.

PILOT
Person whose duty is to steer ships, particularly along coasts, or into/out of harbor.

PLACE UTILITY
A value created in a product by changing its location. Transportation creates place utility.

PLIMSOLL MARK
Identifing displacement mark (horizontal line painted on outside of ship) as to where a vessel may safely be loaded to, must remain above surface of water.
British merchant vessels referred to as plimsoll mark.

POINT OF ORGIN
Station at which shipment is received from shipper by transportation line.

POISONS
As defined in Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR, these materials are further divided into two groups based on degree of hazard posed in transportation. Poison A: gases of liquids that are dangerous to life if only a small amount is mixed with air.
Poison B: substances, liquid and solid (pastes and semi-solids also), which are known to be so toxic to man that thye provide a health hazard during transportation. See also Irritating Material.

POOL
A continous supply of containers at a specific location to facilitate continous volume loading.

POOLING AGREEMENT
Dividing of revenuel/business among two or more carriers in accordance with prevoius contracts/agreemets.

PORT
A harbor or haven where ships may anchor, or that side of the vessel on the left hand of a person who stands on board facing the bow (front) of the vessel.

PORT AUTHORITY
A state or local government the owns, operates, or otherwise provides wharf, dock and other terminal investments at ports.

PORT CHARGES
Charges assesed for services performed at ports, including lighterage, pilotage, towage, harbor dues, dockage and wharfage.

PREDATORY PRICING
Temporary pricing action by one firm to point below variable costs that has effect of removing competing firm from market.

PRIVATE CARRIER
A carrier that provides transportation service to the firm that owns or leases the vehicles and does not charge a fee. Private motor carriers may haul at a fee for wholly owned subsidiaries.

PRO NUMBER
Any progressive or serial number applied for identification to freight bills, bills of lading, etc.

PRODUCT LIABILITY
Liablity imposed for damages caused by accident and arising out of goods/products manufactured, sold, handled or distributed by insured or others trading under his name.

PROFORMA INVOICE
Document used largely for banking purposes, abbreviated invoice sent in advance of shipment, usually to enable buyer to obtain import permit, exchange permit or both.

PROOF OF DELIVERY
Copy of waybill signed by consignee at time if delivery as receipt.

PROPORTIONAL RATE
Lower than normal rate on segment of through movement to encourage traffic or cature competitive traffic, may be percentage of standard rate or flat rate that is lower between given points.

PUBLIC WAREHOUSE
Storage place renting to anyone desiring it; there are fives types; 1) ordinary or merchandise,
2) commodity,
3) household goods,
4) cold storage,
2) commodity,

QUAY
Manmade docking area for loading/unloading vessels, docking is parallel allowing loading/unloading from one side of ship.

QUOIN
A wedged-shaped piece of timber used to secure barrels, preventing movement during transit.

QUOTAS
Many governments have established quotas of limiting imports by class of goods or country of origin, sometimes importing countries require issuance of licenses before American firms may ship to them.

RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
As defined in Hazardous Materials Regulations in 49 CFR, any material or combination of materials which spontaneously emitts ionizing radiation, and has a specific gravity greater that 0.002 microcuries per gram.
The regulations include many more specific designations of radioactivity.

RATE
Established shipping charge for movement of goods, in interstate transportation price/rate is approved by Interstate Commerce Commission, intrastate by public service commission or similar body.

RATE BASIS
Formula of specific factors/elements which control making of rate.

RATE WAR
When carriers cut rates in an effort to secure tonage, can occur in all commodities.

RE-INSURANCE
Insurance of all/part of risk by another insurer. Previously assumed by an insurance company.

REASONABLE RATE
A rate that is high enough to cover the carrier's cost but not too high to enable carrier to realize monopolistic profits.

REBATE
Unlawful practive in which carrier returns part of transportion charges to shipper, done to encourange shipper to use same carrier again.

RECIPROCITY
1) An exchange of rights, in motor transportation may involve granted equal rights, vehicles of several states in which reciprocity agreements are in effect;
2) to give preference in buying to vendors who are customers of buying company.

REEFER
Slang term for refrigerated trailer for hauling perishables, sometimes used in reference to other types of transportation equipment. e.g., reefer car referring to railcar with refrigeration equipment.

REGISTER (OF SHIPS)
Vessel must be registered in merchant marine of some country after inspection, rating, measurement, etc.; this register, kept by collector of customs, contains names, ownership and other facts relative to vessels.

REGISTER TON (RT)
A unit used traditionally to measure the cargo capacity of a merchant ship. The merchant marine ton is defined to be exactly 100 cubic feet, or approximately 2.8316 cubic meters.

REGULAR-ROUTE CARRIER
A motor carrier that is authorized to provide service over designated routes.

RELAY TERMINAL
A motor-carrier terminal designed to facilitate the substitution of one driver for another who has driven the maximum hours permitted.

RELIABILITY
A carrier-selection criterion that considers the variation in carrier-transit time; the consistency of the transit time provided.

REPARTION (ORDER)
Redress in form of adjustment/reimbursement on account of unjust/unreasonable charge assessed after situation has been proved to Interstate Commerce Commission.

REPLEVIN
Legal action instituted to recover possession of property unlawfully taken or detained; this recovery would be accomplished through court action.

RESTRICTED ARTICLES
Commodities that can be handled only under certain specific conditions.

RETARDATION
A force causing container and cargo to move fore, aft, and upward.

RETROACTIVE
Application of law, rule, tariff provision, etc, to time before law/rule became effective.

RISK
1) Term usually applied to insurance as a measurment of probability of loss;
2) degree to which investor exposes himself to possibility of loss of money.

ROLL-ON/ROLL-OFF (RO/RO)
Feature in specially constructed vessel permitting road vehicles to drive on/off vessel in loading/discharging ports.

ROLLING
The side to side (athwartship) motion of a vessel.

ROLLING STOCK
Freight/passenger cars owned by rail carrier, not including motive power equipment; also buses, trucks and trailers owned by motor carriers.

ROUTE
1) Coursel /direction that shipment moves;
2) to designate course direction shipment shall move;
3) carrier(s) with junction points over which shipments moves.

ROUTING
1) Process of determining how shipment will move between origin and destination; routing information includes designation of carreier(s) involved, actual route of carrier and estimated time enroute;
2) right of shipper to determine carriers, routes and points for trasfer of FTLand FCL shipments.

RUNNING GEAR
Complementary equipment for terminal and over-the-road handling of containers.

SALVAGE LOSS
In marine insurance,loss sustained by necessary sale of goods at port prior to expected destination because of "perils of the sea;" treated as total loss with amounts realized from sale of goods credited on amount payable under policy.

SCOW
Hollow,flat-bottomed boate used for transporting gravel, sand and similar bulk commodities.

SEA-BEE VESSEL
Ocean vessel constructed with heavy-duty submersible hydraulic-lift or elevataor system located at the stern of the vessel. The Sea-Bee system moves barges from one inland-coastal water system to another; Sea-Bee barges are larger than LASH barges.

SEAL
Device applied to freight car/motor vehile door fastening which shows that door fastening where it's applied has not been tampered with between time of application and time of breaking seal.

SEAWORTHINESS
Sufficiency of vessel in materials, construction, equipment, officers and crew for voyage/service where employed; and implied condition of all policies of marine insurance unless otherwise specifically stipulated.

SELF-INSURANCE
Assumption of risk without insurance coverage through systematic provision of funds to provide for loss which individuals/firm may suffer.

SEMI
Slang term for semitrailer, also used loosely in referring to tractor-trailer combination.

SHIP AGENT
A liner company or tramp-ship operator representative who facilitates ship arrival, clearance, loading/unloading, and fee payment while at a specific port.

SHIP BROKER
A firm that serves as a go-between for the tramp shipowner and the chartering consignor or cosignee.

SHIP CHANDLER
One who furnishes everthing necessary to equip vessel.

SHIP'S PAPERS
Merchant vessel is required to carry these docu-ments: 1) register; 2) log book; 3) charter party, if chartered; 4) muster roll or list of crew; 5) ship's articles; 6) bill of health;
7) Bill of lading or duplicate receipts of cargo from master to shippers; 8) manifest or general statement of cargo; 9) invoices or detailed statements of cost of goods; 10) clearance or permission from authorities to sail; 11) certificate of inspection;
12) passenger list if passengers are carried; 13) bill of sale if ship has been sold by citizens of one country to citizens of another together with consular certificate; 14) officer's licenses and; 15) license to carry on port trade.

SHIPMENT
1) Lot of freight tendered to carry by one consignee at one place on one bill of lading;
2) goods/merchandise in one or more containers, pieces, or parcels for transportation from one shipper to single destination.

SHIPPER'S AGENT
A firm that acts primarily to match up small shipments, especially single-traffic piggyback loads to permit use of twin-trailer piggyback rates.

SHIPPER'S CERTIFICATE
Form filled out presented by shipper to outbound carrier at transit point (together with instructions and inbound carrier's freight bill), asking for reshipping privilege and transit rate on commodity previously brought into transit point.

SHIPPER'S EXPORT DECLARATION (SED)
Form required by Treasury Department and completed by shipper showing value, weight, consignee, destination, etc., export of shipments as well as Schedule B identification.

SHORT SHIPMENT
Piece of freight missing from shipment. Cargo received is less than what is stipulated by documents on hand.

SIGHT DRAFT
Sight draft, COD international trade, usually calls for release of bills of lading and all other documents making up commercial to set buyer against cash payments to collecting bank.

SKIDS
Battens or a series of parallel runners fitted beneath boxes or packages to raise them clear of the floor to permit easy access of forklift blades or other handling equipment.

SLIDING TANDEM
An assembly rigged on a chassis that may be shifted to adjust axle weights.

SLURRY
Dry commodities that are made into a liquid form by the addition of water or other fluids to permit pumping through pipelines.

SPOTTING
Placing a railcar to be loaded/unloaded.

SPREADER
Device for spreading lifting cables on crane to provide balanced lift on four corners of container allowing load to be lifted straight up.

STANDARD INTERNATIONAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION (SITC)
Numerical code developed by United Nations and adopted by United States airlines as basis for numerical identification of commodities moving in air freight.

STARBOARD
Right side of ship.

STATUTORY NOTICE
Length of time required by law for carriers to give notice of changes in tariffs, rates, rules and regulations usually thirty days, unless otherwise permitted by authority form Interstate Commerce Commission or other regulatory body.

STEAMSHIP CONFERENCES
Collective rate-making bodies for liner water carriers.

STEVEDORE
Person having charge of loading/unloading of ships.

STOW
To arrange in compact mass, e.g., stow cargo in hold of ships.

STRADDLE CARRIER
Mobile truck equipment with the capacity for lifting a container within its owns framework.

STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING
Non-negotiable document provides that shipment is to be delivered direct to party whose name is shown as consignee, carrier does not require its surrender upon delivery except when needed to identify consignee.

STRIPPING
In truck transportation, emptying truck and arranging shipments by destination.

STUFFING
Slang term for loading cargo container.

SUBROGATION
Right of an insurance company to recover amount paid to insured from third party who may have caused loss.

SURCHARGE
An add-on charge to ghe applicable charges; motor carriers have a fuel surcharge and railroads can apply a surcharge to any joint rate that does not yield 110 percent of variable cost.

SURETY BOND
Contract between principal and responsible third party (surety) which makes surety momentarily responsible for principals fulfillment of obligation to obligee (party who is protected).

SYSTEMS CONCEPT
A decision-making strategy that emphaises overall efficiency of the whole rather that the efficiency of the whole rather than the difficiency of the individual parts of the systems.

TANDEM
A truck that has two drive-axles or a trailer that has two axles.

TANKTAINER
Tank built onto standard frame and used to transport liquids.

TAPERING RATE
A rate that increase with distances but not in direct proportion to the distance the commodity is shipped.

TARE
Amount of gross weight on freight shipment that can be deducted from packing weight, usually allowance is four pound per 104 pounds.

TARE WEIGHT
1) Weight of container and material used for packaging;
2) in transportation terms, weight of car/truck exclusive of contents.

TARIFF (TRANSPORTATION)
Printed price list issued by carrier showing transportation charges.

TEMPORARY AUTHORITY
The Interstate Commerce Commission may grant a temporary operating authority as a common carrier for up to 270 days.

TENDER
Offer of goods for transportation by shipper or offer delivery on part of carrier.

TERMINAL
An assigned area in which containers are prepared to be loaded into a vessel or are stacked immediately after discharge from the vessel; any assigned area for the loading /unloading, temporary storage of vehicles, or the interchange of freight.

TEU
Twenty-foot equivalent unit (6.10m). A standard unit for counting containers of various lengths and for describing the capacity of container ships or terminals. One standard, 40 foot, ISO Series 1 container equals 2 TEU's.

THROUGH BILL OF LADING
Covers goods moving from point of origin to final destination, even though transfers are made to different carriers in transit.

TIME DRAFT
Draft maturing at certain fixed time after presentation/ acceptance.

TIME UTILITY
A value created in a product by having the product available at a time desired; transportation and warehousing created time utility.

TITLE
Document which confers on holder right of ownership/possesion/transfer of merchandise specified, e.g., bills of lading and warehouse receipts.

TOFC
Trailer-on-flatcar, also called piggyback, shipments moving TOFC receive special rates from tariffs providing for that class or traffic.

TON
Long ton, 2240 pounds; short ton 2000 pounds; metric ton, 2206.6 pounds.

TONNAGE
1) Carrying capacity of ship/vessel;
2) tax/duty paid on such capacity;
3) weight ship will carry expressed in tons.

TORT
Wrong, other than breach of contract, committed upon person/property of another.

TRACING
Determine where a shipment is during the course of a move.

TRAFFIC
Department/division responsible for obtaining most economical commodity classification and method of transporting materials and products; people and/or property carried by transportation companies.

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
The management of activites associated with buying and controlling transportation services for a shipper or consignee or both.

TRAMP
Vessel that does not operate along definite route on fixed schedule, but calls at any port where cargo is available.

TRANSIT TIME
The total time that elapses from pickup to delivery of a shipment.

TRANSLOADING
The practice of breaking bulk shipments from the vehicle /container of one mode to that of another at one or a series of terminal interchange points.
Involves transporting a continuous volume of similar products, creating a rolling inventory of the products.

TRANSSHIP
Term commonly used to denote transfer of good from one means of transportation to another, rehandling of goods enroute.

TRIP CHARTER
Hiring vessel to hual cargo for special voyage.

TWIST LOCKS
A set of four, twistable, bayonet-type, shear keys used as part of a spreader to pick up a container or as part of a chassis to secure containers.

U.S. CUSTOMS BONDED WAREHOUSE
Until import duty is paid. Federal government retains control of goods;
imports awaiting collection of duty must be stored at importer's expense in custody of warehouse willing to furnish bond that commodities will not be released until necessary duties are paid.

UCC
Uniform commercial code.

ULLAGE
Empty space present when cask/container is not full.

UNIT TRAIN
An entire, uninterrupted, locomotive-care-and-caboose movement between an origin and destination; rail movement of large tonnages of single-bulk products between two points.

UNITIZATION
The consolidation of a quantity of individual items into one large shipping unit for easier handling; loading one or more large items of cargo onto a single piece of equipment such as a ballet.

VALUATION, ACTUAL
Actual value of goods shown on bill of lading by shipper when rate to be applied depends on value.

VALUE-OF-SERVICE PRICING
Pricing according to the value of the products being transported; third-degree price of discrimination; demand-oriented pricing; charging what the traffic will bear.

VANNING
A term sometimes used for stwoing cargo in a container

VESSEL
Generally, craft used or intended to be used as means of transporation by water.

VESSEL TON
100 cubic feet.

VOLATILITY
1) Ability of liquid to vaporize;
2) Explosivity.

VOYAGE CHARTER
Engaging services of ship (cargo) for specified trio from one port to another at established tonnage rate.

WAIVER
1) Written statement cancelling previous claim/right, usually refers to only one person or specific situation;
2) intentionally forfeiting a right.

WAREHOUSE
Place for receiving/storing goods and merchandise for-hire, warehousemen is bound to use ordinary diligence is preserving goods.

WAREHOUSING
The storing (temporary holding) of goods.

WASTAGE
Loss of goods due to handling, decay, leakage, shrinkage, etc.

WAYBILL (WB)
Document containing description of goods that are part of common carrier freight shipment, also shows origin, destination, consignee/consignor and amount charged;
copies travel with goods and are retained by originating/delivering agents, used by carrier for internal record and control, especially during transit ; not a transportation contract.

WEIGH STATION
Permanent station equipped with scales at which motor vehicles transporting property on public highways are required to stop for checking of gross vehicle and/or axle weights; many states also use portable scales to compliance with their weight limits;
often combined with port of entry facilities.

WEIGHT
In shipping, weight is qualified further as gross (weight of goods and container), net (weight of goods themselves without any container), and legal (similar to net, determined in such manner as law of particularcountry/jurisdiction may direct).

WEIGHT BREAK
The shipment volume at which the LTL charges equal the TL charges at the minimum weight.

WHARF
Loading/discharging terminal built parallel to stream/shore lilne.

WHARFAGE
1) Charge made for handling traffic on wharf; 2) Charge made for docking vessel at wharf

WITHOUT RECOURSE
When drafts are negotiated without recourse, beneficiary is relieved of responsilbity to holder of draft to extent permissible under contract involved and under law governing transaction.

YARD (FREIGHT)
Unit of track systems withing certain area used for storing cars, loading/unloading freight and making up trains, over which movements not authorized by timetable or train order may be made, subject to prescribed signals/regulations.

YARDAGE
Livestock shipped to stockyards is subject to yardage charge in additon to transportation and other charges, usually assessed on basis of so much per lead varying in amount according to type of livestock.

ZONE-OF-REASONABLENESS
A zone of limit within which air carriers are permitted to change rates without regulatory scrutiny; if the rate change is withing the zone, the new rate is presumed to be reasonable.

ZONE-OF-TRADE FLEXIBILITY
Railroads are permitted to raise rates by a percentage increase in the railroad cost index determined by the ICC; rates may be raised by 4 percent.